Navigating the Intersection of Technology, Disinformation, and Human Rights: Balancing Freedom of Expression and Speech

Abstract

spread of deceptive content online threatens human rights, particularly freedom of expression and access to accurate information. In Pakistan, the rise of digital platforms has fuelled misinformation, weakening democratic processes, polarizing society, and eroding public trust. The challenge lies in balancing disinformation regulation with protecting free speech. While false narratives undermine institutions, restrictive measures risk suppressing dissent and opposition voices. The Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act (PECA) exemplifies this tension. This study critically evaluates Pakistan’s regulatory approach, assessing its effectiveness and alignment with international human rights standards. Through qualitative analysis of PECA’s provisions and case studies, findings highlight key concerns: ambiguous legal definitions and politically motivated enforcement. Case studies illustrate how disinformation affects public trust and democratic engagement. Despite the challenges posed by disinformation, an effective framework must protect fundamental rights while addressing online harms. Recommendations include refining PECA’s provisions, introducing strong procedural safeguards, and promoting digital literacy programs to empower citizens against misinformation. A multi-stakeholder approach involving government, civil society, and technology platforms is essential for fostering a more accountable digital environment in Pakistan. Striking a balance between regulation and free speech is crucial for preserving democracy and public trust.